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Archive for the category “Saudi-Arabia”

Peak Oil Saudi Arabia 2027, Global Peak Oil 2025

This was in hindsight a little too pessimistic, but now global peak oil is in sight.

Prince Mohammed said on Saturday Riyadh had announced it would be raising its production capacity to 13 million bpd by 2027 and “after that the Kingdom will not have any more capability to increase production”.

Other authoritative voices on the estimated date of global peak oil:

IEA: 2025
McKinsey: 2025
Rystad Energy: 2026
Goldman-Sachs: 2024

Make that 2025.

[reuters.com] – How much extra oil can Saudi Arabia pump?
[deepresource] – McKinsey – Peak Oil Might Be Just Three Years Away
[deepresource] – Peak Oil 2026
[deepresource] – Goldman-Sachs – Peak Oil Demand 2024, not 2040
[deepresource] – Shell Peak Oil was 2019. Quo Vadis?
[fortune.com] – Oil demand to peak by 2025, but world needs to invest trillions in renewables to keep the lights on: IEA

How Saudi Arabia Is Turning Their Desert Into Green Forest

YouTube text:

This is Saudi Arabia measuring a massive 2 million square km, making it the 14th largest country by landmass! However, 95 percent of the kingdom is a hot dry desert where you find lots and lots of sand! It is also one of the few countries where you find not a single permanent river! You are also looking at a country where the average annual rainfall is below 150 mm all year round! However, if you zoom in on the country, you will see something totally unexpected; arable land! Saudi Arabia is dotted by a network of farmlands where agriculture thrives, letting farmers harvest many kinds of fruits, an abnormality in the hot desert! You will also immediately notice that most of the farmlands are in circles! The nation has 35,000 square kilometers of arable land, which is larger than the Netherlands and larger than three times the size of Qatar! However, in the early sixties, Saudi Arabia only had 400 square kilometers of arable land! How did the oil-rich kingdom multiply its arable land in so short a period? Join us in this video as we dive into the ingenious methods Saudi Arabia has used to turn its desert into a farmland oasis!

Neom Constructions Begins

Neom, the future line-shaped city of 170 km in Saudi-Arabia, car-free, $500B, beginning to be populated as of 2024, by 2030 the new city will have 500,000 inhabitants and be able to welcome 5 million tourists annually. No home should be further than 5 minutes walk from The Line. No roads are planned. High velocity autonomous transport will take place underground. Powered by wind and solar only. Women will no longer be obliged to wear the veil, alcohol sales and consumption will be allowed to lower the threshold for tourists. A bridge between Neom and Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt is planned too.

[wikipedia.org] – Neom
[dailysabah.com] – THE LINE: Work begins on Saudi Arabia’s 170-km vehicle-free city
[nytimes.com] – The Dark Reality Behind Saudi Arabia’s Utopian Dreams
[n-tv.de] – Die autofreie Mega-City am Roten Meer
[dailymail.co.uk] – Saudi Arabia starts construction on its $100 billion eco-city that will have NO STREETS and be ready for residents in 2024
[businessinsider.nl] – Dit weten we over Neom
[deepresource] – Neom the Line, a City 170 km Long
[deepresource] – 4GW Renewable Storage Project in Saudi-Arabia

Read more…

ThyssenKrupp to Build 2 GW Electrolyser in Saudi-Arabia

US chemical company Air Products has placed an order with Thyssen-Krupp for more than 2 GW electrolyser capacity on behalf of an ammonia operation in the futuristic town-under-construction Neom-Saudi-Arabia, to produce 650 ton green hydrogen per day. Planned operational date: 2026.

[airproducts.com] – Air Products, ACWA Power and NEOM Sign Agreement for $5 Billion Production Facility in NEOM Powered by Renewable Energy for Production and Export of Green Hydrogen to Global Markets

The green hydrogen avalanche has started!

More multi-GW hydrogen green projects in the works in Oman:

[energy-utilities.com] – Acwa Power to sign $7bn green hydrogen agreement in Oman

[deepresource] – ThyssenKrupp Plans €5B Hydrogen IPO
[deepresource] – Thyssen-Krupp Eyes 5 GW Electrolyser Production Capacity
[deepresource] – ThyssenKrupp 88 MW Electrolyser for Hydro-Quebec
[deepresource] – Thyssen-Krupp – Coal Out, Hydrogen In
[wikipedia.org] – Neom

Lithium Seawater Mining Breakthrough

[source]

The size of lithium reserves in the world’s oceans are estimated to be 230 billion tons, that is ca. 5000 times as big as land-based resources. Concentration: 0.17 mg/liter or 0.2 ppm. Chinese scientists, employed by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi-Arabia, have proposed a method for extracting lithium from seawater, a process they claim is economically viable.

To address this issue, the team led by Zhiping Lai tried a method that had never been used before to extract lithium ions. They employed an electrochemical cell containing a ceramic membrane made from lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (LLTO).

Lithium has atom number 3, so is very small. The membrane’s holes are so small that they only let lithium-ions through, propelled by electricity. The lithium-enriched water is further processed in four more steps, to end up with a lithium concentration of 9,000 ppm. Eventually, lithium phosphate is the useful end product. As a bonus, the process delivers hydrogen, chlorine and desalinated water. Electricity cost: $5 per kilo of lithium. The very sunny Red Sea area would be ideal for lithium plants, driven by solar electricity, and is probably the reason why the King Abdullah University funded the research.

[mining.com] – ‘Cheap and easy’ method to extract lithium from seawater
[pubs.rsc.org] – Continuous electrical pumping membrane process for seawater lithium mining (Original publication)
[sea4value.eu] – Sea4value project site
[wikipedia.org] – Brine mining

World Record Low Solar Energy Cost $0.0104/kWh

[source] The 300 MW Sakaka PV IPP project

The Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia has announced the intended construction of a 600 MW Al Shuaiba PV IP project, at a world record low cost of $0.0104/kWh.

As we have noted before, the cost of desert solar electricity is no longer relevant. Relevant is the cost of a “prepackaged kWh” on world markets. Storage, not generation, is the real cost. Think the cost of electrolyzers, conversion of hydrogen into a more convenient chemical form, transport, storage.

[pv-magazine.com] – Saudi Arabia’s second PV tender draws world record low bid of $0.0104/kWh

Saudi Green Hydrogen Pipe Dreams

Abu Dhabi 2 GW, 1.24 Eurocent/kWh solar power plant. Electricity is already dirt cheap, “too cheap to meter”. The largest cost factor is amortization of the required electrolyzers to transform the supply of solar electricity intro hydrogen.

Saudi-Arabia wants to build a green-hydrogen pipeline to Europe.

Based on the fact that it is not possible to generate a cheaper kWh than with photo-voltaic solar in the desert (currently 1.24 cent/kWh), Saudi plans to become a major hydrogen deliverer to Europe are entirely realistic. Not sure about that pipeline though. Which route, pray tell? Alternatively, hydrogen could be transported by ship or converted into a storage form that is easier to handle.

However, the idea to produce cheap hydrogen in the desert, should be promoted. It is the cornerstone of the German hydrogen strategy, to concentrate on producing electrolyzer equipment and leave the production of hydrogen to those countries that can produce hydrogen in the cheapest way. Note that a solar panel generates roughly twice as much electricity in the desert as in NW-Europe, so why bother littering over-populated countries like Germany and the Netherlands with solar panels and onshore wind, if somebody else can produce energy much cheaper. For security reasons, the EU should indeed produce a minimum amount itself, but not everything. Additionally, this strategy is perfect to help poor African countries to serious money for the first time, enabling them to buy our products. Win-win. For security reasons, supply of hydrogen should be distributed equally over many producers, not to make yourself vulnerable to boycotts and blackmail.

[rechargenews.com] – Saudi Arabia ‘could pipe green hydrogen to Europe to keep leading energy role’
[arabnews.com] – Saudi Arabia offers Europe ‘green’ hydrogen by pipeline
[deepresource] – Germany Embraces the Hydrogen Economy
[deepresource] – German-Moroccan Hydrogen Agreement

Neom the Line, a City 170 km Long

Saudi-Arabia is drawing a Line in the sand and plans a new car-free Metropolis called Neom, in the shape of a 170 km long line. The Line. Population 1 million. A 500 billion, zero-emission city. There will be no streets. Everything is walkable within 20 minutes, for longer distances there is the metro and underground traffic. Above the ground, cyclists and pedestrians only. Construction will start 2021-Q1.

4GW Renewable Storage Project in Saudi-Arabia

NEOM

The Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia has given the green light to a huge renewable energy storage project. Price tag: $5B. Location: NEOM (NW KSA). NEOM intends to become a global hydrogen hub, well, in the form of ammonia (NH3). Input: 4GW from solar and wind. Production: 650 tons H2 per day through electrolysis (Thyssen-Krupp technology, Germany). Nitrogen (N2) will be produced from air using Air Products technology (USA), resulting in 1.2 million tons/year of green ammonia (NH3) using Haldor Topsoe technology (Denmark). The project is scheduled to become on-line in 2025.

[saudigazette.com.sa] – $5bn deal sealed for green hydrogen-based ammonia production facility in NEOM
[renewableenergyworld.com] – World’s largest green hydrogen project will convert renewable energy to ammonia then back to hydrogen
[deepresource] – Ammonia posts

Read more…

3 GWh Redox-Flow Battery Plant Planned for Saudi-Arabia

The JV aims to become a global technology leader and champion in the fast-growing utility-scale energy storage segment, supporting the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 economic diversification objectives. With R&D facilities in Germany and Saudi Arabia, the JV plans to set-up a GW scale manufacturing facility in the Kingdom, expected to be in production in 2021. The JV’s strategy for developing value chain integrated production will allow it to achieve global cost leadership.

[schmid-group.com] – Everflow JV to manufacture Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFB) in KSA
[pv-magazine.com] – A 3 GWh redox flow battery factory in Saudi Arabia
[wikipedia.org] – Vanadium redox battery

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